ASIC Physical Design : Key challenges and Innovative solutions

 Static Timing Analysis (STA) in chip design can be  correlated with the nervous system of the human body. Below are few analogies : Signal Propagation In STA, Signal propagation from one sequential element to other element is analyzed and it is make sure that it meet requirement such as Setup/Hold slack. Similarly, Nervous systems ensures that nerves signals propagate properly between brain, spinal cord and other body part. Critical paths in STA, it is really important to identify and critical paths same ways, in body it is important to analyze critical paths such as spinal cord and  Constraints In STA, Constraints plays import role for critical paths. The nervous system also has constraints, such as reaction times, which must be within limits for the body to respond effectively. Optimization: STA helps optimize the design to minimize timing violations by following constraints. The nervous system adapts and optimizes signal transmission, for example, by strengthening neu...

Challenge on Setup/hold slack calculation... check below image. without crosstalk impact, setup/hold slack between FF1-->FF2 is 0ps.  with crosstalk, crosstalk of 10ps is introduced on below 3 nets.  what will be setup/hold slack considering this crosstalk effect?  #STA #Setup #Hold  #Challenge Type your answer in Comment below.

MMMC (Multi-Mode Multi-Corner ) is needed in modern chip design to make sure that chip works properly in all conditions. It handles changes in manufacturing, power, temperature, and how the chip operates in different modes. Before understanding details about MMMC, Lets try to understand its importance through below analogy. Suppose you are making a chip which will be used in mobile. in order to have more sells all over India, it is really important that same mobile handset should work in all states including Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) , Gujarat and Kerala (Of course it will be restricted in Military area...!!). J&K is very cold area where temperature might be as low as -40 Degree while Rajasthan's Thar Desert where temperate might go as high as 40 Degree.  other states where  average temperate is in range of 20-30 Degree. In order to have sells across India, it is really important that Mobile Handset should work properly with expected performance in all states.  Thus...

 Hi All, I hope so far you have gone through all steps of ASIC Design flow before placement stages and ready to deep dive into placement. In this post, I will give basic introduction about placement optimization. Before starting Placement stage, Below are the assumptions:  Floorplan size is reasonable with adequate initial utilization numbers all IO ports are placed as expected  and marked as Fixed all Placement blockages from FullChip (based on top-down approach) perspective is already there in floorplan  Macros are placed and marked as Fixed Design is Single power domain Power-Grid pre routed Introduction to Placement stage In ASIC Physical design flow, goal of Placement is to place the standard cells(stdcell) in Core area which is further divided into stdcell rows. each standard cell must be placed on legal site rows such that it meets Timing and efficient routing. Thus "Placement" stage is key factor in ASIC Design Flow for achieving better PPA by optimizing area...

 Hi All, Hope you have gone through Synthesis and Formal Verification posts. to test your knowledge, Check below challenge : In Synthesis, incase of sequential optimizations such as Register retiming and Multibit Register Banking, it can alter the structure between reference design and implemented design. this will cause Compare points mismatch  between reference design and implemented design. What would be Formality/Logic equivalence Check result ? PASS or FAIL ?

 Formal Verification is often referred as "The Heartbeat" of ASIC Physical design. Just as human body, despite having all body parts intact, it cannot function without heartbeat same way   If ASIC design PASSES w.r.t Timing/Physical verification/EMIR checks but Formal verification(Formality) is FAILED , Design is failed to perform as expected ...!!! Hence it is really important to have Formal verification checked at each stages of ASIC Physical design. As Synthesis is the first stage where RTL is converted to synthesized gate-level netlist, it becomes imperative to validate formal verification immediately after   synthesis to ensure design correctness and functionality. When one design is transformed/optimized, there are some cases when transformed design may not give same functionality as original design due to human errors, improper handling of EDA tool settings, bugs in EDA tools. Functional verification v/s Formal verification Functional verification and For...

 In Previous post, I have explained the importance of Logical synthesis. If you have not explored it, Please click below link to check it: Synthesis : The Soul of Physical Design In this post, Lets understand Practical significance of Physical synthesis. will understand each aspects of physical synthesis in comparison with Physical synthesis. Physical aware Synthesis As Synthesis(logic Synthesis) is Soul of Physical design and bridges gap between RTL and Physical implementation, Physical Synthesis bridges gap between Logical Synthesis and physical implementation.  Regular Physical Synthesis Flow: This is two step process. first logical synthesis is performed and using this synthesized netlist, Floorplan and macro/port placement is done. after Power-plan, DEF file is generated which contains Floorplan information and Macro/port placement along with PG grid. along with DEF file, other physical inputs are provided for Physical synthesis. output of Physical synthesis is synthesize...

 ASIC Physical Design consists of various stages. each with its own critical importance and significance. quality of each stage directly impacts the subsequent stages, Hence it is really important to ensure the high quality execution of initial stages to achieve efficient  and effective physical design implementation. In this post, will discuss detail significance about "Synthesis". Synthesis : The Soul of Physical Design Synthesis can be considered as "The Soul" of Physical Design. Synthesis serves as critical bridge between high level design abstract(RTL) and Physical design implementation. Below are few points makes Synthesis as "Heart" of Physical design. Translation of RTL into technology depended gate-level netlist :  as ASIC is Technology depended (90nm,65nm,28nm...) and RTL(register transfer logic) is technology independent , Synthesis is the first stage where RTL is converted to technology depended.  Optimization : During Synthesis, Design is opt...

 Hi All, check below Challenge to revise your concepts related to Floorplan. Consider one FullChip with below specification: core-to-die : 1.014 Floorplan Shape : Rectangle Max routing layers : M15 site row height : 0.169 site row width : 0.048 FinFET grid (Y) : 0.026 FinFET grid (X) : 0.0005 M5 track offset : 0.026 Consider one block from FullChip from below specification: Block level ports in M5 layers (Horizontal direction) , M5 Pitch : 0.076 M5 track offset : 0.026 Floorplan Shape : Rectangle Max routing layers : M13 site row height : 0.169 site row width : 0.048 FinFET grid (Y) : 0.026 FinFET grid (X) : 0.0005 core-to-die : 1.014 Goal: Block-A and Block B is same. (instantiated two times in FullChip) in FullChip, Both blocks orientation is R0. In FullChip, two block (Block-A and Block-B) need to be placed as vertically stacked. ( i.e. 0 Y distance between two blocks) There shouldn't be FEOL/base drc violations and Ports of both blocks should be on track. Comment How to archive...

Hi All, check below Challenge to revise your concepts related to macro placement guidelines. Consider one block with below specification: core-to-die : 0 Floorplan Shape : Rectangle Max routing layers : M13 site row height : 0.169 site row width : 0.048 FinFET grid (Y) : 0.026 FinFET grid (X) : 0.0005 Consider below Macro: Macro pins in M5 layers in Horizontal layers , Pitch : 0.076 macro width : 10um Goal: Need to Place this macro in block without having FEOL drc and macro pins should be on track. Comment what should be macro origin i.e x,y location of lower left corner. Share your answer in comment.

 As per regular ASIC flow, Floorplan stage is referred as first stage of Physical Design (for advanced node considering Physical Synthesis, Physical Synthesis is first ...!!!). Before going to placement and further stages, its is really important that readiness of floorplan is verified which will help to reduce upcoming stage issues in subsequent stage for Physical design.. Generally all checked are done during individual steps of Floorplan, but is it also recommended to go through all checks before moving to further stages. This is 7th topics from " Mastering Floorplan " series. If you are directly reading  this post from blog, I would suggest to go through below main post which helps to understand the sequence of different floorplan topic: Mastering Floorplanning: A Comprehensive Guide Bridging Theory and Practical Insights Cell row/Total Utilization Ensure reasonable Cells row/Total Utilization is used. aggressive utilization (>90%) can lead to unavoidable issues in lat...

 In all Previous blog ports, step by step process of Floorplan till macro placement is explained. Now lets discuss the importance of "Physical/Special cells" in ASIC Physical Design. This is 6th topics from " Mastering Floorplan " series. If you are directly reading  this post from blog, I would suggest to go through below main post which helps to understand the sequence of different floorplan topic: Mastering Floorplanning: A Comprehensive Guide Bridging Theory and Practical Insights Physical/Special cell :     These cells which  are different then regular logical gates and  serves unique purpose in Physical Design. These cells don't contribute in logical function but its crucial  to have them in design for physical integrity and manufacturability of chip. Physical Cells :   These  are not present in input Verilog netlist are referred as Physical only cells.  These cells are generally not appeared  in Timing report and typically us...